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Professional ocean science calculations for researchers, students, and marine professionals. Accurate formulas based on established oceanographic principles.
Calculate seawater density using the UNESCO equation of state based on temperature, salinity, and pressure.
Convert between different salinity units: PSU, ppt, conductivity ratio, and specific gravity.
Calculate sound speed in seawater using the Mackenzie equation based on temperature, salinity, and depth.
Calculate hydrostatic pressure at depth, accounting for seawater density variation with depth.
Calculate significant wave height using the Bretschneider equation based on wind speed and fetch length.
Calculate carbonate system parameters including CO₂ concentration and aragonite saturation state.
Calculate plankton density from microscopy counts using standard sampling methods.
Calculate theoretical tidal range based on latitude and lunar/solar influences.
Estimate thermocline depth based on latitude, season, and surface temperature.